Federalism

"Federalism is the power shared and divided by the state and national government. Delegated/expressed powers are the first three Articles of the Constitution. For example, treaties, war, creating money, trades, and establishing a post office. Reserved powers are state powers; the Tenth Amendment reserves rights to the state and national government. An example would be marriage, election, and granting licenses. Concurrent powers are shared powers with the state and national government. The state and central government share powers and responsibility. For example, taxes, establishing courts, providing health care and punishing lawbreakers. Implied powers are not directly stated in the Constitution but they are given to the national government. The elastic clause is known as the necessary and proper clause. These are powers that Congress believes are necessary. The Anti-federalist opposed them because those laws could have been anything. For example, in 1789, there were only a Navy and Army force: an Air force was established once planes were used for military purposes Rights are not absolute. One way the court limits individual rights is that it allows the Legislative Branch to make laws deemed necessary to maintain security and stability."


Neph131

Othello Act I Metaphor Analysis

Othello  by Shakespeare Act 1 Metaphor analysis.

March,16th 2015

Neph131

Quote	Analysis
Come on, come on. You are pictures out of door, bells in your parlors, wild-cats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries, devils being offended, players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds.	Iago describes his view of women: how women puts on makeup, constantly talk, they pretend that they do bad things in a saintly way, that they are the devil when they feel offended, and that they are really nothing but hussies. He degrades women, for he describes them as “wildcats”, disloyal and annoying.
"That hold their honours in a wary distance"	Iago plots against Cassio. He tells himself that his the guards disrespect Cassio then that will get Cassio in trouble. This reveals a deeper vindictive side of Iago, which shows that he is a hypocrite.
“Or, falling so, yet that I put the Moor At least into a jealousy so strong That judgment cannot cure.”	Iago plots against Othello continuously. Here, he states that he will make Othello go crazy by using jealousy. The jealousy that he will create will be so strong that it Othello will be blinded by it.
“ She that I speak of, our great captain's captain,”	Cassio refers to Desdemona as Othello's captain meaning that she has control over him and over their relationship. He also portrays her as the shining star in Othello’s life as in she brings meaning to Othello's life.
“Now I do love her too, Not out of absolute lust--through peradventure I stand accountant for as a great a sin--- But I partly led to diet my revenge.”	When reflecting to himself, Iago confesses his love for Desdemona. He states that he not only loves her lustfully but also she satisfies his motives for revenge.
"O, you are well tuned now! / But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, / As honest as I am."	In Cyprus, observing the perfect harmony between the Othello and Desdemona, Iago comments in an aside. Othello and Desdemona’s love is the “pegs” that Iago plans on destroying.
"I do love Cassio well, and I would do much to cure him of his evil".	Iago Hypocritically explains that he wants to help Cassio cure his drinking problem. He doesn’t do it out of care but it amplifies his vindictive motives and plots against Othello.
“Our general's wife is now the general.”	Iago states that Desdemona has power not. She greatly influences Othello in every way possible. She’s the “general” now as in she’s fully in control now. She’s the one that occupies Othello’s mind and influences his actions.
“Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. My reputation, Iago, my reputation!”	Cassio states that he has animal beastial like character and that he has lost the best part of himself. His behavior and character has changed because he hurt Montano and became a drunk. Iago tells him that what matters is what one thinks of one’s self.
"Good Michael, look you to the guard to-night: / Let's teach ourselves that honourable stop, / Not to out sport discretion" (2.3.1-3).	Having given Cassio the job of making sure that the festivities in Cyprus don't get out of hand, Othello says to him, The "honourable stop" is self-restraint, but as the scene progresses, Cassio loses his self-restraint and that costs him his reputation.

Wuthering Heights Chapter 1-5 Answers

Neph131

1/12/15

Wuthering Heights

Chapter 1
Who is Lockwood?	Mr. Lockwood is the male narrator of the novel. He has just arrived to the Thrushcross Grange. He is Mr. Heathcliff’s new tenant.
Describe the atmosphere at Wuthering Heights.	In Wuthering Heights, the wind blow fiercely (stormy weather).
Describe Heathcliff.	Mr. Heathcliff is a dark man. He doesn’t appear as the type to open up, yet he appears to be a gentleman. His character is “exaggeratedly reserved.”
Chapter 2
Whom does Lockwood go to visit in Ch. 2? What people does he meet on this visit?	Lockwood visits Mr. Heathcliff. There, he meets a young female servant whom he assumes is Heathcliff’s wife. He meets a young man, Hareton Earnshaw, whom he refers to as a clown and assumes is Heathcliff Jr. and the young lady’s husband.
What does Heathcliff reply when Lockwood asks if the sullen woman is his wife?	“Well, yes- Oh! you would intimate that her spirit has taken the post of ministering angel, and guards the fortunes of Wuthering Heights, even when her body is gone. Is that it?” “Mrs. Heathcliff is my daughter-in-law.”
What happens as Lockwood attempts to leave the Heights?	He asks for a guide and they didn’t provide him one He got insulted and left. He grabbed a lantern and he was mistaken for stealing the lantern. He was attacked by some dogs and ended up staying at Wuthering Heights.
Chapter 3
To which room does Zillah take Lockwood in Ch. 3?	Zillah took Lockwood to the room where visitors are forbidden.
What names are carved into the window ledge? Can you tell what the "purpose" of this might have been?	The names, Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff, and  Catherine Linton were carved into the window ledge. Perhaps they symbolize 3 different people from the same family.
What things are written in the book margins? By whom? Describe Lockwood's first dream.	He saw a red ornament title… “Seventy Times Seven, and the First of Seventy First.  A Pious Discourse by the Reverend Jabes Branderham, in the chapel of Gimmerden. He dreams that he is in a worship house where he meets Jabes. He basically listens to Jabes preach from the book of Seventy Times Seven.
Describe his second dream.	He dreams about the ghost of Catherine Linton who wishes to come inside the room where he is staying. She declares that she has been waiting for two decades.
When Heathcliff hears Lockwood's scream and comes to the room, what is his reaction to Lockwood's description of the second dream?	He’s enraged that Lockwood was in that room and threatens to kick whoever let Lockwood into that room out. He was powerfully affected and enraged by Lockwood’s description. Eventually he calms down, suggested that Lockwood sleeps in his room and let Lockwood be.
What does he do at the open window?	He sobbed. He called out to the ghost. He asked her to come in.
What does Lockwood think of Heathcliff's behavior? Does Heathcliff's behavior make sense to the reader? Explain.	Her thought that it was foolish, yet his compassion allowed him to overlook Heathcliff’s behavior. It didn’t not make sense to him, for he says :”Why, was beyond my comprehension.”
Lockwood is too run-of-the-mill to understand such passion.	He felt vexed that Heathcliff reacted that way to his nightmare, he drew off half angry since that’s all he could have done. He did not understand why Heathcliff reacted that way.
Chapter 4
Who is now the narrator of the main story?	Mrs. Dean (Nelly), Lockwood’s housekeeper is now narrating the story.
How has Heathcliff treated Hareton? Why?	He treats Hareton the same way that Hindley treated him because Hareton is Hindley’s son.
Summarize how Heathcliff got to Wuthering Heights in the first place an what others thought of this.	He was adopted by Mr. Earnshaw. He and Catherine get close. However, Catherine’s brother, Hindley, resent
Which person continued to hate Heathcliff? Why? Did Heathcliff deserve this, do you think?	He was abused and hurt by Hindley. Hindley even threw a weight at him which hit him in the chest. Hindley did not like that Heathcliff was adopted in his family. In other words, it was by jealousy.
How did Heathcliff keep Hindley from triumphing completely before Mr. Earnshaw died?	He left for three years leaving Hindley a total complete mess.
Why did people begin to pamper Heathcliff?	To please Mr. Earnshaw who’s gotten ill.
Where is Hindley eventually sent?	He was sent to college.
Describe the character of Cathy Earnshaw.	She is beautiful and her character hunts Heathcliff. She’s also quite arrogant. She’s always singing, laughing, dancing, and plaguing everybody who would not do the same.
Chapter 5
What is "the worst punishment" anyone could inflict upon Cathy?	To separate her from Heathcliff.
Describe the relationship of Cathy and Heathcliff as it is portrayed in Ch. 5.Chapter 6	Cathy is drown to civility and luxury present whereas Heathcliff is disgusted by it.
Whom does Hindley bring home with him in Ch. 6?	His wife, Frances.
Is Nelly Dean a reliable narrator? Should we take what she says at face value? EXPLAIN!	I think she is reliable because she has been living there for about 18 years. She has watched the people/families in Wuthering Heights born, grow and die. She has taken care of those families for 18 years of her life,
What is Heathcliff's place in the household after Hindley's return? Why?	The owner at Wuthering Heights because Hindley was unable to pay his debts.
How does Cathy happen to come in contact with Thrushcross Grange?	She went off on one of her ventures with Heathcliff. They went to observe the Linton kids. While there, Catherine was bitten by a dog and was forced to stay at the Grange.
What is the difference between the Lintons and the Earnshaws?	The Earnshaws are a family of the finer things in life while the Lintons are people of morals.
Why didn't Heathcliff stay with Cathy at the Grange?	He became someone that he didn’t like.
What is Heathcliff now forbidden to do?	He’s forbidden to see Catherine.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Themes

Neph131

 

11/17/2014

Nature
Quote	Explanation
“ I feel a cold northern breeze play upon my cheeks… This breeze which has travelled from the regions towards which I am advancing, gives me a foretaste of those icy climes.” (1)	The natural beauty of St. Petersburgh gives Walton a sneak peek of how great the North Pole will be. He enjoys that breeze that he felt on his face.
“I remained two days at Lausanne in this painful state of mind. I contemplated the lake; the waters were placid, all around was calm, and the snowy mountains, “the palaces of nature”, were not changed. (59)	Victor stayed at Lausanne and admired its natural beauty which portrayed gloom and despair. Even though the description of Victor’s view, “snow mountains”, “placid”, and “calm” doesn’t show any sign of cheer, but signs of melancholy, it is nature that heals his despair.
“Dear mountains! My own beautiful lake! How do you welcome your wanderer? Your summits are clear; the sky and lake are blue and placid. Is this to prognosticate peace or to mock at my own happiness?” (59)	Victor, in moment of melancholy, seeks forgiveness in nature. Having disappointed his village, he takes the blame for his brother’s murder. He weeps just by looking at his environment.
“Yet, as I drew  nearer home, grief and fear again overcame me… and when I could hardly see the dark mountains, I felt more gloomily.” (59)	Shelley uses nature to portray Victor’s mood and feelings. The “dark” mountains reveal how guilty and gloomy Victor feels inside.
“When I was about fifteen years old… we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstorm… I remained, while the storm lasted, watching its progress with curiosity and delight… and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared... “ (26)	Shelley uses nature to reveal that even at a young age, Victor relied on nature and was fascinated by it. This thunderstorm enhanced Victor’s curiosity about natural philosophy.
"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation."	Victor’s obsession with bringing an inanimate body to life, going against nature, made him ignore his friends and family, and it even made him take less care of himself.
“When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ it… Although I possessed the capacity to bestowing animation...” (38)	Victor is playing against nature. The author’s use of “power” signifies that Victor is playing God.
“I pursued nature to her hiding-places.”(39)	Victor exploited nature by trying to bring an inanimate body to life. He went beyond his naturalistic work.
“I took the boat and passed many hours upon the water. I was carried by the wind… I left the boat pursued to pursue its own course and gave way to my own miserable reflections… and I the only unquiet thing that wandered restless in a scene so beautiful and heavenly…” (75)	Victor wanted to become a part of nature that was beautiful and calm instead of being what he was, a man filled with guilt and fear; therefore, he takes the boat and sail on the water.
“I spent the following day roaming through the valley… the icy wall  of the glacier overhung me… and the solemn silence of this glorious presence-chamber of imperial nature was broken… the thunder sound of avalanche… reverberating along the mountains… they elevated me from littleness of feeling… although they did not remove my grief, they subdued and tranquilized it.” (80)	Victor always seeks nature. On his day trip to a mountaintop near Chamounix, the beauty of the landscape around him impressed Victor and it eased his depression for a while. He looked at the mountains, their size and strength, and felt revived. Nature once again overwhelmed his senses and manipulated his emotions with its beauty.

　

Secrecy
Quote	Explanation
“One secret which I alone possessed was the hope to which I dedicated myself... I pursued nature to her hiding-places.” (39)	Only Victor knows that he is working on giving life to an inanimate body. Only he knew that he was playing God all that time.
“Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance.” (43)	Victor kept his secret because he knows that not many humans would understand nor support the idea of playing God. Going back earlier in the novel when his father told him that was he was reading/studying was trash. His father wouldn’t have understand.
“Do not ask me… Oh save me! Save me !” (46)	Victor had rather going into deep illness and not tell his friend, Clerval, what he has done.
“He spared them this grief by concealing the extent of my disorder.” (46)	Even Clerval holds a secret about Victor’s condition. He doesn’t tell Victor’s family how sick Victor really is. He “spares them the grief”, meaning that knowing how such news would affect them, he keeps the news from them.
“I was absent when it was committed, and such a declaration would have been considered…”  (66)	Has Victor been there at the time of the murder, his secret would have been believable.
“Yet she appeared confident in innocence and did not tremble.”  (66)	Justine wasn’t all shaken up because she did not commit the murder and Victor knows it. Yet, he still holds his secret in.
“God knows how entirely I am innocent.” (67)	Not only God knows. Victor knows, yet when he tries to tell that Justine is innocent, the evidence tells differently. Victor would have been considered insane has he told them that a monster killed his younger brother.
“I do not hesitate to say that, notwithstanding all the evidence produced against her, I believe and rely on her innocence.” (69)	Has Victor spoken, Justine might have had a chance or at least one or more days to live. Victor’s secret got his own brother killed. Her case might have turned out different.
“He is more convinced of your innocence…” (72)	Victor’s silence is causing Justine to be in prison. His secret caused more damage than he presumed. He believes in Justine’s innocence because he knows who is responsible for his brother’s murder.
“This also was my doing.” (73)	Victor’s secret caused not only one death, but two. His own brother and his family’s servant were murdered because of his own creation that no one knows about.

Answers to "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Guided answers

Neph131
11/03/14

Letters 1-4

1. All the letters are written by Robert Walton
2. The letters are being written to Mrs. Saville which is Robert’s sister.
3. Walton was in St. Petersburg when he wrote the first letter. He is on a venture based on Uncle Thomas’s books on voyages. He is travelling with several sailors on a venture to discover the North Pole. He has a passion for seafaring. He wants to hire a ship when he gets to Archangel. He wants to engage as many sailors as necessary. He wants to sail sometime in June.
4. Walton is now in Archangel. The heart is always free willing of doing good or bad. No matter how hard you try, it’s never enough.  
5. Nearly a month has elapsed between the 3rd and 4th letter. The sailors were surrounded by ice, which closed in the ship on all sides, a situation that got dangerous when they got caught in fog.  
6. The man said that he was there to seek the one who fled from him. The man’s limbs were nearly frozen and his body dreadfully emaciated by fatigue and suffering .  
7.  This stranger is the only one who talks to Walton, and he is the only person that Walton can relate to.
8. Because he knows that his fate is nearly fulfilled, and doesn’t want Walton to make the same mistakes.

Chapter 1-5

9. The man’s name is Victor Frankenstein, son of Caroline Beaufort and Alphonse Frankenstein. His name isn’t mentioned until further into the book (page 24, ch 2) He is from Geneva. He studied at Ingolstadt.
10. Caroline Beaufort was the daughter of Victor’s father’s best friend. She was taken in by Victor’s father after her father died. She later married Alphonse, Victor’s father. She died from the scarlet fever after an adopted child of the family had it.
11. Elizabeth Lavenza was an orphan that Caroline, Victor’s mother, adopted in Italy. She’s a gift to Victor.
12. Henry Clerval is Victor’s friend from childhood who nurses Victor when he got sick.
13. Cornelius Agrippa is an author, whose work that Victor discovers when he got stuck to a party due to bad weather. Victor sees Cornelius’ work as trash. He tells Victor not to waste his time on such work. Victor continued to read Cornelius’ work anyway.
14. As Victor’s father said, a modern scientist would also say that the natural philosophy that Victor is learning from Agrippa is sad trash.
15. Victor’s curiosity towards electricity started. He turned away from Cornelius’ works. He then begins to studying the laws of electricity and galvanism.

16. He credits Krempe and blames Waldman for his destruction.
17. Elizabeth caught the scarlet fever, then later recovers. Victor’s mom caught the fever and soon died from it.   
18. Victor’s father thought that it was necessary in order for Victor to complete his education, that he should be made acquainted with other customs other than those of his native country.
19. To Victor, M. Krempe’s manners were repulsive.  He tells Victor that all the time that Victor spent studying was a waste of time.

20. M. Waldman teaches chemistry. Victor admires M. Waldman’s ways.  Victor’s study  natural philosophy opposes the study of chemistry because it’s more like science versus God.  It becomes a case of nature versus nurture. Victor found a true friend in him. M. Waldman influenced Victor’s interest in science studies.
21. Victor spent his time studying natural philosophy and chemistry. He didn’t go home. His progress was fast.  He made some discoveries on improving chemical instruments. He was enthusiastic about study the human body and he technically shut down his social life.
22. In movies, Frankenstein is the monster. Based on the book, Frankenstein is the doctor who created the monster.

23.       Victor tried to create a beautiful man  and then he got scared by the creature's features.

24. The creature tries to connect with Victor who leaves his apartment in fear.
25. Victor meets his childhood friend, Henry. He was delighted to see Henry. He brought Henry to his home and saw no sign of his creation. Victor fell ill of a fever for several months. Clerval stayed to nurse him.